Intellectual+Trends

= = Ottoman Empire

-One of the first institutions of the Ottoman Empire was the Madrasah -Mustafa III was a great educational sultan. -He was one of the first to combine the thought of teaching school and religion at the same place. -Mustafa III founded the Istanbul Technology University. -Originally was a Naval school, but in 1795 the cirriculum was broadened and was also used to train military officials. || -Yazir worked logic, philosophy, Islamic jurisprudence, and Islamic theology and opposed the western ideals that the human mind is enough to reach absolute. || -Sultans were the Caliphs of the government -The caliph is known as the “Defender of Faith”. -Islamic laws and customs were applied to all in the empire. -Empire did tolerate other branches of Islam like Sufism, as long as they stayed loyal to the empire. || -The sultan had complete control over the government and military. -The sultan ruled over a bureaucracy who met 4 times a week. -The sultan would meet with a grand vizier to tell him the wants and needs of the government. -Local administration was done through local chiefs who then paid a tribute to the sultan. || -Peasants tilled the land. Taxes on the peasants were based on the amount of land one owned. They were not allowed to sell the land but were allowed to pass on the land to sons. -Artisans organized craft guilds. Guilds provided financial services, social security, and training. -Next to the ruling class, the merchants were the highest class in the Ottoman society. Merchants were exempt from taxes and other laws allowing them to create large amounts of wealth. -Pastorals worked the land as well but from a shepherd’s lifestyle. They raised cattle and livestock on the land and lived off of that. || -After years of battles, Mehmet II breaches the walls of Constantinople in the mid 15th century. -In 1520, Sulleyman I the Magnificent comes to power and brings the Ottomans back to Europe’s attention. -Internal rot, a decrease in the treasury, a decline in the economy, a breakdown in government, and the beginning of westernization all took their toll and the Ottoman empire began to fall. ||
 * ** Education ** || -Men and women who were thought to be the future of the empire were often sent to schools early to be taught the ways of government.
 * ** Philosophy ** || -One of the greatest Ottoman philosophers was Hamdi Yazir.
 * ** Religion ** || -Ottoman Empire was a Sunni Muslim religion.
 * ** Politics ** || -At the head of the government was the sultan.
 * ** Economics ** || -There were four main groups to the socio-economic group: Peasants, Artisans, Merchants, and Pastorals.
 * ** Brief History ** || -Orkhan I crosses the Bosporus to support a usurper against the Byzantine emperor in the city of Constantinople.


 * Safavid Empire**

-Mir Damad was one of the greatest educators and also a supporter of it. -Mir Damad founded the Royal School of Isfahan. -During the 16th and 17th century, science, medicine, and math were just as advanced as the nations around the Safavid Empire. || -However, Safavid was also influenced by Hellenistic culture. -Greek was translated into Persian which was fairly untouched and existed for quite some time. -Mir Damad was a great teacher and philosopher, but his student Mulla Sadra is known as one of the greatest philosophers of the Safavid Empire. -During the 16th and 17th centuries, philosophical thinking that sought truth in fusion of rationalist and intuitive methods flourished. || Right here || -Safavid Empire was of the Shi’ite of Muslim faith. -Shah Abbas often worked to convert Armenians and Christians to the Muslim faith. -The Safavid Empire often had religious wars against the Ottoman Empire due to the fact that Shi’ite Muslims and Sunni Muslims do not like each other. || -Safavid run Shi’ite sect of Muslim faith. -Safavid’s known as “Red Heads” due to the red caps with the 12 folds. The 12 folds are meant to symbolize the 12 imams of the Shi’ite Muslim faith. || -Shahs would travel the streets incognito and one Safavid Shah saw that a baker and butcher were charging too much money for their products and had the baker baked in his oven and the butcher roasted on a spit. -although the road systems were not high tech and up to date and even though they weren’t very safe, many Shahs worked to protect the road system and provide accommodations for people to use them. || -Under Shah Abbas I, the Safavid reached the zenith of their empire. -Under Shah Abbas, the empire remained very stable, however after Abbas’ death, succession conflicts plagued the empire and the Safavid Empire soon declined. ||
 * **Education** || -Many mosques and libraries were built in the Safavid Empire.
 * **Philosophy** || -Safavid Empire was a very influential time in Iran’s Islamic culture and philosophy.
 * **Religion**
 * **Politics** || -Empire run by the Shah, also translated as tsar.
 * **Economics** || -The Safavid emperors worked to make the economy very friendly.
 * **History** || -Shah Ismail’s forces seize lands in Iran and Iraq. Ismail then creates a new Persian State.